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How Jesus became God by Frederic Lenoir

Frédéric Lenoir is a philosopher, editor of the magazine "The world of religions" and producer of the show "The Roots of Heaven" broadcast on France Culture .

True to his passion, the author specializing in issues of religion gives us here the fruits of his work on the question of the divinity of Christ. How

Christian texts, those of the Bible and the Fathers of the Church, have presented Jesus Through the first centuries and how the councils supported by the political authorities have decided the issue.

He shares his personal opinion, reminds us in passing the opinion of historians and critics, all with the concerns to be heard by all those who have mastered the subject, but also those who are unfamiliar with Judaism The Bible and the traditions of the Church.

A beautiful book, a story that takes us back to the origins of Christianity, Jesus as the men were described as well as they wanted ...

website Frédéric Lenoir: http://www.fredericlenoir.com

Videos with Frédéric Lenoir: http://video.google.fr/videosearch?hl=fr&safe=off&rlz=1G1GGLQ_FRFR304 & q =% C3% Fr% C3% A9d A9ric% 20Lenoir & um = 1 & ie = UTF-8 & sa = N & tab = wv #

Books on the same subject :

Richard E. Rubenstein, "The day when Jesus became God"

Gerard Israel "Is Jesus God? "

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1544: At odds with Calvin Sebastian Castellon should leave Geneva

Article published in the newspaper La Tribune de Genève of March 14, 2009.

http://www.tdg.ch/geneve/actu/1544-brouille-calvin-sebastien-castellion-quitter-geneve-2009-03-13

history

© International Museum of reform post master e-school. Yet the dream of Castellon is to become pastor ...

Châteillon Sebastian (he Latinized his name later) was born in 1515, the year of the Battle of Marignano to Ingalls. He is six years younger than Calvin. "Nobody knows how this son of a peasant was able to study," said Vincent Schmid, making him the third man in his recent book on Michael Servetus (1). Without doubt he is a child prodigy. A nobleman or a clergyman should then encourage young talent appeared on their land.

Revelation Lyon

Castellio with known life thanks to the enormous work of Ferdinand Buisson, published in 1892, therefore his schooling at La Trinidad de Lyon, a college renowned humanist. "In this city at the top of his business, the Lutheran ideas were quickly circulated," continues Vincent Schmid, who is also pastor of St. Peter. "The student has read The institution of the Christian Religion by Calvin, released in Latin in Basel. This is his revelation. " By an accident which is not quite one, Bressan meeting Calvin, then in exile in Strasbourg. We here in 1541. "It seems he even lived with him. "We swim so fast theological romance. Recalled to Geneva, Picard takes Castellon in his luggage.
Their ideas differ, however, fast enough. "Calvin, like Servetus believed that God spoke to him. It is an inspiration. "Castellon appears more open. "Compared to his master, who remains in many respects a representative of the Middle Ages, he announced Modern Times." Dissident defends the Anabaptists. He denounces the collusion of civil and religious. He finally asks a plurality of votes within the same church.

The Holy Trinity? A brainchild

To enlarge the opening, Castellon even offers a common denominator. Everyone must believe in one God, omnipotent, eternal and creator. With the Trinity, we enter the speculative domain already. "A revolution." This is indeed the apple of discord since the Council of Nicaea in 325. How can Christ be both God and man, eh? I ask you! The question Trinity is thus at the heart of the trial of Michael Servetus in 1553. For the English doctor Jesus is the son of God. He will go to the stake, in Champel, saying "Jesus son of God eternal" and not, as it should, "Jesus, son of God eternal." The idea Castellio our revolt, taking refuge in Basel. There is an all trades (sawyer, water-carrier ...) to feed her eight children before teaching Greek at the famous University City.

Castellio thus takes its most beautiful pen. He will defend the post mortem heretic. "Killing a man is not defending a doctrine is to kill a man," he wrote in his libel against Calvin. The sentence made a fortune. She spends the first assertion of religious tolerance. The problem is Castellio that has not published during his lifetime. His book does not appear, and the Netherlands, in 1613.

Posterity Dutch and French

"Castellon has been out three of his books," says Pastor Schmid, "including his superb translation of the Bible." Why such caution? "I see pressure. Calvin, who was a network, could infiltrate Basel. The University of that city had to play its role in threatening the author of sanctions. "Hellenization took his post. He died in 1563, exhausted and disappointed, a few months before his enemy Geneva. The exile will not be quite forgotten. "Let's say he comes and goes in religious history." Castellon in 1619 will be cited at the Synod of Dort, which compete hawks and doves of Protestantism. Read Spinoza.

"Pierre Bayle speaks of him in his Dictionnaire historique et critique of 1697, seemed cautiously in Rotterdam. It is no accident that finally Bush chose as a subject of contention in the nineteenth. "A former pastor has been in France the apostle of secularism." Then came Stefan Zweig. The Viennese took the opportunity to bring Calvin Hitler. Dammit!

(1) "Michel Servet, Du stake to freedom of conscience", Vincent Schmid, Editions Paris-Max Chaleil, 176 pages

The case of the atheist Jacques Gruet

Its tolerance mean that it is ready for anything Castellio admit? No. A case, too black to be discussed during a Jubilee Calvin very consensual, proves it. This is the trial of Jacques Gruet. The story takes place in 1547, while Bressan is long gone, but it makes noise. In June 1947, therefore, a poster placards Gruet the chair of St. Peter. She talks about "fucking renegade priests who come to ruin."

The culprit is quickly identified. You can find him in the manuscripts. For Gruet, the laws of Moses "have no other origin than the whims of men." The opinion of Calvin on the immortality of the soul remains a "Faribole. The afterlife does not exist. The important thing is to live the moment, messed up the rules established by the Consistory. His trial is that of free-thinking. Not a word of Castellon. "Gruet fate of the famous minimal framework. For our theologian and an atheist remains a monster. "There is no place for him. The heretic believes in God. Jew and Muslim, on the edge too. With an empty sky, we enter the do-maine the unthinkable. "

---

Brule wordlessly

In these circumstances, the unfortunate Gruet be burned on July 26 remains normal to Castellon. "Remember that the skepticism of Montaigne is very discreet. The official purpose of civil society remains, in the sixteenth century, the worship of God. "In the twenty-first, the question still arises. One European country has it not banned a few weeks ago, an advertisement for atheism "For the sake of practicing believers"? So do not be surprised if Servetus Street and has its expiatory monument, while Gruet nothing. It took on the enormous work of Amédée Roget Geneva in 1870 for man kind of oblivion. What do you want? The story goes Martyrs respectable. Is everything lost for the forgotten in 1547? Not quite. As recalled Bernard Lescaze, the phrase chosen to adorn a wall of this space was that libertarian Ilôt 13, behind the station, Gruet is signed. "If a man wants to eat well, others have nothing to do with it, and if I want to dance, jump, lead a merry life, what to do justice? "(ed)

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The Moravian Unity: Anti-Trinitarianism the pre-reform

In Théolib No. 27 devoted to Faust Socinus, I was surprised by the title of the article M. Blanchard-Gaillard The Ecclesia minor Polish Brothers - the first non-Trinitarian Christian church in modern times

.

I do not go on, and here the meaning of "modern times" the nature of which eludes me somewhat - I guess it makes up these "modern times" in the reform initiated by Luther - but instead on "the first Non-Trinitarian Christian church ".

Yes, because at least one other church has moved up the minor Ecclesia (organized circa 1565) in its rejection of the Trinity, it is the Unity of Brethren Moravian community of sensitivity that was not Trinitarian Hussite and Anabaptist its origins.

history of it starts around 1440 when the Czech Petr Chelčický, stole the ideas of Jan Hus, the Hussites but separated which he denounced violence, writes

The net faith. Radical Chelčický taught that war is incompatible with Christianity and a disciple of Jesus must be guided by his "law" whatever the consequences.
Chelčický was also close to the Vaudois, but the warmth of the speech were eliminated. Gregory
The Hussite Prague excited about having theses Chelčický persuade some of his movement in 1458 to leave their homes to follow him to Kunwald where they founded their religious community.

Subsequently groups of Vaud Czech and German will join them.

The period from 1464 to 1467 will mark the development of the Unity of Brethren who held several synods. It
in that they define their doctrine Brothers and lie down in writing texts to be compiled as a series of books entitled Acta Fratrum Unitatis
.

Here's an excerpt:
"We are determined to establish our administration only by reading and by the example of our Lord and the Holy Apostles, in the silence, humility and patience, loving our enemies, making them and wishing them well, and praying for them. "


Brothers had the missionary spirit and working to spread the Gospel message to others by visits often done in pairs in the image of their friends and especially by the Vaudois biblical model (cf. Luke 10:1).

But in 1494 a schism broke out within the Unit and the Brotherhood is split into two groups, the major party and minor party.

The major advantage would be less radical and contrasted in this with the minor party who held firmly to its political neutrality.
also is the party who remain non-Trinitarian minor.
Here is what writes one minor party members:
"People who walk on two roads have few guarantees that they will stay with God, because only rarely and in small things they are willing to sacrifice and submit to him, and the great things they do as they please. (...) It is among those who have the strong mind and a good conscience after day after day the Lord Christ on the narrow road with their cross, we want to be counted. "
In their rejection of the Trinity Friars of the minor party saw the holy spirit as the power of God they called his" finger ".

They believed in the doctrine that Jesus paid the ransom his life by offering to allow men to get rid of the sin of Adam.

Reformers before the time they had got rid of religion and Mariolatry had abolished the system with its clerical celibate priests replacing it with a system of lay ministers to conform to the apostolic model.

They were very critical of other churches, especially because of their Anabaptist position.

In contrast to these, the party included a major, the minor party write:
"You teach that we must baptize little children who do not have their own faith, he wrote, and in this follow what you set a bishop named Dionysius, who encouraged the baptism of infants at the instigation of senseless (...). Almost all teachers and doctors do the same, Luther, Melanchthon, Bucer, Korvin, Jiles, Bullinger, (...) the major party which trafiquent all together. "
One of the minor party leaders, Jan Kalenec, was tortured by the Catholic Inquisition in 1524 and ended three others at the stake.

is estimated that between 1500 and 1510 the Moravian Brethren have published fifty of sixty pounds which have been in the Czech Republic over the past ten years.

The Moravian Church also contributed to the evolution of translating the Bible into Czech.

After the death of the minor party last Brothers in 1550, the rejection of the Trinity by this community disappeared completely.

What remains today of Unity Moravian Brethren Church is organized under the name of the Moravian Church, but integrated in the double tradition and Lutheran Hussite.
Here is a list of statements, written by leaders of the minor party, catering mainly to the major party:

Trinity

"If you look at the Bible from one end to another, you will not find anywhere hand that God is divided into a kind of Trinity, three persons on behalf of different beliefs that people have invented from scratch. "


Holy Spirit:

" The holy spirit is the finger of God and God's gift, a comforter, the Power of God, the Father gives believers on the basis of the merits of Christ. People do not read anywhere in the Scriptures that must be called the holy spirit of God or one, and it does not appear either in the apostolic writings. "


Priesthood:

" They give you the wrong title of 'priest' and if you take your tonsure and anointing your finger, you have nothing more than the most ordinary laymen. St. Peter invites all Christians to be priests, saying: You are the holy priesthood, offering spiritual sacrifices (1 Peter 2). " Baptism:
" The Lord Christ told his apostles: Go into the world and preach the gospel to every creature, to those who believe (Mark, chapter 16). And only after these words, and being baptized will be saved. But you need to teach little children baptized without their own faith. "
Neutrality: " What you saw first brothers as evil and impure, join the army and kill or go on the road carrying weapons, all that you hold it for good. [...] We therefore believe that you, like other teachers, just look in the left eye the prophetic words that say: He has broken the power of the arc, shields, swords and battle (Psalm 75). And again: They will not hurt nor destroy in all My holy mountain, for the land the Lord is full of divine knowledge, etc.. (Isaiah, chapter 11). "
Sermon: " We know that initially led women more people to repentance as a group of priests and a bishop. And now the priests have moved into their village and in the residence allocated to them. What a mistake! Go around the world. [...] Preach to every creature. " I give you below links to a very good article dedicated to this community and an English translation of the net faith
Petr Chelčický: http://www.nonresistance.org / docs_htm / ~ Net_of_Faith / Net_of_Faith.html http://www.ttstm.com/2009/09/september-10-petr-chelcicky-prophet.html
Bibliography : Victor-L. Tapie: Czech A church in the fifteenth century: the Unity of Brethren
(Librairie Ernest Leroux, 1934)
Joseph Macek: John Hus and the Hussite traditions
(Plon, 1973) - Chapter V, Section 5 "Pierre Chelčický "and section 6" Unity of Brethren ".

Jehovah's Witnesses have written an article on Unity Moravian Brethren in their issue of the Watchtower of 15/12/2003, pages 9-13, titled
They searched the narrow road.