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1544: At odds with Calvin Sebastian Castellon should leave Geneva

Article published in the newspaper La Tribune de Genève of March 14, 2009.

http://www.tdg.ch/geneve/actu/1544-brouille-calvin-sebastien-castellion-quitter-geneve-2009-03-13

history

© International Museum of reform post master e-school. Yet the dream of Castellon is to become pastor ...

Châteillon Sebastian (he Latinized his name later) was born in 1515, the year of the Battle of Marignano to Ingalls. He is six years younger than Calvin. "Nobody knows how this son of a peasant was able to study," said Vincent Schmid, making him the third man in his recent book on Michael Servetus (1). Without doubt he is a child prodigy. A nobleman or a clergyman should then encourage young talent appeared on their land.

Revelation Lyon

Castellio with known life thanks to the enormous work of Ferdinand Buisson, published in 1892, therefore his schooling at La Trinidad de Lyon, a college renowned humanist. "In this city at the top of his business, the Lutheran ideas were quickly circulated," continues Vincent Schmid, who is also pastor of St. Peter. "The student has read The institution of the Christian Religion by Calvin, released in Latin in Basel. This is his revelation. " By an accident which is not quite one, Bressan meeting Calvin, then in exile in Strasbourg. We here in 1541. "It seems he even lived with him. "We swim so fast theological romance. Recalled to Geneva, Picard takes Castellon in his luggage.
Their ideas differ, however, fast enough. "Calvin, like Servetus believed that God spoke to him. It is an inspiration. "Castellon appears more open. "Compared to his master, who remains in many respects a representative of the Middle Ages, he announced Modern Times." Dissident defends the Anabaptists. He denounces the collusion of civil and religious. He finally asks a plurality of votes within the same church.

The Holy Trinity? A brainchild

To enlarge the opening, Castellon even offers a common denominator. Everyone must believe in one God, omnipotent, eternal and creator. With the Trinity, we enter the speculative domain already. "A revolution." This is indeed the apple of discord since the Council of Nicaea in 325. How can Christ be both God and man, eh? I ask you! The question Trinity is thus at the heart of the trial of Michael Servetus in 1553. For the English doctor Jesus is the son of God. He will go to the stake, in Champel, saying "Jesus son of God eternal" and not, as it should, "Jesus, son of God eternal." The idea Castellio our revolt, taking refuge in Basel. There is an all trades (sawyer, water-carrier ...) to feed her eight children before teaching Greek at the famous University City.

Castellio thus takes its most beautiful pen. He will defend the post mortem heretic. "Killing a man is not defending a doctrine is to kill a man," he wrote in his libel against Calvin. The sentence made a fortune. She spends the first assertion of religious tolerance. The problem is Castellio that has not published during his lifetime. His book does not appear, and the Netherlands, in 1613.

Posterity Dutch and French

"Castellon has been out three of his books," says Pastor Schmid, "including his superb translation of the Bible." Why such caution? "I see pressure. Calvin, who was a network, could infiltrate Basel. The University of that city had to play its role in threatening the author of sanctions. "Hellenization took his post. He died in 1563, exhausted and disappointed, a few months before his enemy Geneva. The exile will not be quite forgotten. "Let's say he comes and goes in religious history." Castellon in 1619 will be cited at the Synod of Dort, which compete hawks and doves of Protestantism. Read Spinoza.

"Pierre Bayle speaks of him in his Dictionnaire historique et critique of 1697, seemed cautiously in Rotterdam. It is no accident that finally Bush chose as a subject of contention in the nineteenth. "A former pastor has been in France the apostle of secularism." Then came Stefan Zweig. The Viennese took the opportunity to bring Calvin Hitler. Dammit!

(1) "Michel Servet, Du stake to freedom of conscience", Vincent Schmid, Editions Paris-Max Chaleil, 176 pages

The case of the atheist Jacques Gruet

Its tolerance mean that it is ready for anything Castellio admit? No. A case, too black to be discussed during a Jubilee Calvin very consensual, proves it. This is the trial of Jacques Gruet. The story takes place in 1547, while Bressan is long gone, but it makes noise. In June 1947, therefore, a poster placards Gruet the chair of St. Peter. She talks about "fucking renegade priests who come to ruin."

The culprit is quickly identified. You can find him in the manuscripts. For Gruet, the laws of Moses "have no other origin than the whims of men." The opinion of Calvin on the immortality of the soul remains a "Faribole. The afterlife does not exist. The important thing is to live the moment, messed up the rules established by the Consistory. His trial is that of free-thinking. Not a word of Castellon. "Gruet fate of the famous minimal framework. For our theologian and an atheist remains a monster. "There is no place for him. The heretic believes in God. Jew and Muslim, on the edge too. With an empty sky, we enter the do-maine the unthinkable. "

---

Brule wordlessly

In these circumstances, the unfortunate Gruet be burned on July 26 remains normal to Castellon. "Remember that the skepticism of Montaigne is very discreet. The official purpose of civil society remains, in the sixteenth century, the worship of God. "In the twenty-first, the question still arises. One European country has it not banned a few weeks ago, an advertisement for atheism "For the sake of practicing believers"? So do not be surprised if Servetus Street and has its expiatory monument, while Gruet nothing. It took on the enormous work of Amédée Roget Geneva in 1870 for man kind of oblivion. What do you want? The story goes Martyrs respectable. Is everything lost for the forgotten in 1547? Not quite. As recalled Bernard Lescaze, the phrase chosen to adorn a wall of this space was that libertarian Ilôt 13, behind the station, Gruet is signed. "If a man wants to eat well, others have nothing to do with it, and if I want to dance, jump, lead a merry life, what to do justice? "(ed)

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The Moravian Unity: Anti-Trinitarianism the pre-reform

In Théolib No. 27 devoted to Faust Socinus, I was surprised by the title of the article M. Blanchard-Gaillard The Ecclesia minor Polish Brothers - the first non-Trinitarian Christian church in modern times

.

I do not go on, and here the meaning of "modern times" the nature of which eludes me somewhat - I guess it makes up these "modern times" in the reform initiated by Luther - but instead on "the first Non-Trinitarian Christian church ".

Yes, because at least one other church has moved up the minor Ecclesia (organized circa 1565) in its rejection of the Trinity, it is the Unity of Brethren Moravian community of sensitivity that was not Trinitarian Hussite and Anabaptist its origins.

history of it starts around 1440 when the Czech Petr Chelčický, stole the ideas of Jan Hus, the Hussites but separated which he denounced violence, writes

The net faith. Radical Chelčický taught that war is incompatible with Christianity and a disciple of Jesus must be guided by his "law" whatever the consequences.
Chelčický was also close to the Vaudois, but the warmth of the speech were eliminated. Gregory
The Hussite Prague excited about having theses Chelčický persuade some of his movement in 1458 to leave their homes to follow him to Kunwald where they founded their religious community.

Subsequently groups of Vaud Czech and German will join them.

The period from 1464 to 1467 will mark the development of the Unity of Brethren who held several synods. It
in that they define their doctrine Brothers and lie down in writing texts to be compiled as a series of books entitled Acta Fratrum Unitatis
.

Here's an excerpt:
"We are determined to establish our administration only by reading and by the example of our Lord and the Holy Apostles, in the silence, humility and patience, loving our enemies, making them and wishing them well, and praying for them. "


Brothers had the missionary spirit and working to spread the Gospel message to others by visits often done in pairs in the image of their friends and especially by the Vaudois biblical model (cf. Luke 10:1).

But in 1494 a schism broke out within the Unit and the Brotherhood is split into two groups, the major party and minor party.

The major advantage would be less radical and contrasted in this with the minor party who held firmly to its political neutrality.
also is the party who remain non-Trinitarian minor.
Here is what writes one minor party members:
"People who walk on two roads have few guarantees that they will stay with God, because only rarely and in small things they are willing to sacrifice and submit to him, and the great things they do as they please. (...) It is among those who have the strong mind and a good conscience after day after day the Lord Christ on the narrow road with their cross, we want to be counted. "
In their rejection of the Trinity Friars of the minor party saw the holy spirit as the power of God they called his" finger ".

They believed in the doctrine that Jesus paid the ransom his life by offering to allow men to get rid of the sin of Adam.

Reformers before the time they had got rid of religion and Mariolatry had abolished the system with its clerical celibate priests replacing it with a system of lay ministers to conform to the apostolic model.

They were very critical of other churches, especially because of their Anabaptist position.

In contrast to these, the party included a major, the minor party write:
"You teach that we must baptize little children who do not have their own faith, he wrote, and in this follow what you set a bishop named Dionysius, who encouraged the baptism of infants at the instigation of senseless (...). Almost all teachers and doctors do the same, Luther, Melanchthon, Bucer, Korvin, Jiles, Bullinger, (...) the major party which trafiquent all together. "
One of the minor party leaders, Jan Kalenec, was tortured by the Catholic Inquisition in 1524 and ended three others at the stake.

is estimated that between 1500 and 1510 the Moravian Brethren have published fifty of sixty pounds which have been in the Czech Republic over the past ten years.

The Moravian Church also contributed to the evolution of translating the Bible into Czech.

After the death of the minor party last Brothers in 1550, the rejection of the Trinity by this community disappeared completely.

What remains today of Unity Moravian Brethren Church is organized under the name of the Moravian Church, but integrated in the double tradition and Lutheran Hussite.
Here is a list of statements, written by leaders of the minor party, catering mainly to the major party:

Trinity

"If you look at the Bible from one end to another, you will not find anywhere hand that God is divided into a kind of Trinity, three persons on behalf of different beliefs that people have invented from scratch. "


Holy Spirit:

" The holy spirit is the finger of God and God's gift, a comforter, the Power of God, the Father gives believers on the basis of the merits of Christ. People do not read anywhere in the Scriptures that must be called the holy spirit of God or one, and it does not appear either in the apostolic writings. "


Priesthood:

" They give you the wrong title of 'priest' and if you take your tonsure and anointing your finger, you have nothing more than the most ordinary laymen. St. Peter invites all Christians to be priests, saying: You are the holy priesthood, offering spiritual sacrifices (1 Peter 2). " Baptism:
" The Lord Christ told his apostles: Go into the world and preach the gospel to every creature, to those who believe (Mark, chapter 16). And only after these words, and being baptized will be saved. But you need to teach little children baptized without their own faith. "
Neutrality: " What you saw first brothers as evil and impure, join the army and kill or go on the road carrying weapons, all that you hold it for good. [...] We therefore believe that you, like other teachers, just look in the left eye the prophetic words that say: He has broken the power of the arc, shields, swords and battle (Psalm 75). And again: They will not hurt nor destroy in all My holy mountain, for the land the Lord is full of divine knowledge, etc.. (Isaiah, chapter 11). "
Sermon: " We know that initially led women more people to repentance as a group of priests and a bishop. And now the priests have moved into their village and in the residence allocated to them. What a mistake! Go around the world. [...] Preach to every creature. " I give you below links to a very good article dedicated to this community and an English translation of the net faith
Petr Chelčický: http://www.nonresistance.org / docs_htm / ~ Net_of_Faith / Net_of_Faith.html http://www.ttstm.com/2009/09/september-10-petr-chelcicky-prophet.html
Bibliography : Victor-L. Tapie: Czech A church in the fifteenth century: the Unity of Brethren
(Librairie Ernest Leroux, 1934)
Joseph Macek: John Hus and the Hussite traditions
(Plon, 1973) - Chapter V, Section 5 "Pierre Chelčický "and section 6" Unity of Brethren ".

Jehovah's Witnesses have written an article on Unity Moravian Brethren in their issue of the Watchtower of 15/12/2003, pages 9-13, titled
They searched the narrow road.

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Trials Michael Servetus and Pierre Fatio to Geneva

Two very good articles on the trial of Michael Servetus and Pierre Fatio were published today in the newspaper Tribune de Genève .
http://www.tdg.ch/dossiers/geneve/grands-proces
I place following this introduction by thanking the authors. Excellent reading.
http://www.tdg.ch/actu/divers/1553-michel-servet-brule-vif-heresie-2009-08-03

1553, Michael Servetus was burned alive for heresy

Great Trials period.

ETIENNE DUMONT This "blasphemer and heretic" was arrested on August 13. He attended worship at the Madeleine. Some people in the crowd recognized the man, known for his writings on the less controversial religion. Servetus was taken to the prison of the bishopric, often transformed thereafter until its demolition in 1930. She stood on the terrace current
Agrippa d'Aubigné. The

escaped Vienna

Servetus is a man on the run. He just escaped from a prison in Vienna with suspicious ease. This doctor has no doubt been helped by a customer senior, he healed the daughter. In the Dauphiné, he found himself in the clutches of the Inquisition. The evidence against him seemed overwhelming. It is not impossible that Calvin has helped Catholics against the common enemy by contacting the letters he has received from the English. In Geneva, the trial will be set in eight meetings. It responds to a complaint by Nicolas de la Fontaine, who is coincidentally the secretary of Calvin. The accused will answer the 38 items in this complaint, theological. all starts at the 14. In a previous hearing, Servet recognizes authorship of three books shocking Papists and Protestants. The procedure can begin on the 15th. Servet request adversarial with Calvin. The Commission denies. He wishes to retain control over the proceedings. In 1553, Calvin, who has not yet been received citizen, faces a strong opposition, led by Ami Perrin. The interrogation of 16 is also led by Berthelier, a "libertine" excommunicated. The

17, Servet faces John Calvin, understood as an expert. This is the first time that men see themselves. Twenty years before, they should have to meet in Paris. The thing did not performed. They have since been matched. The debate quickly turns to theological dispute. Of all the themes, the Trinidad wins. Father, Son and Holy Spirit Are one or three? We know that since the fourth century, all heresies stem from this central question. Calvin attack hard. Servet fact forehead.

Dispute writing August 21, discussed the trial in Vienna, before it sends itself to the heads of thinkers such as Origen, Tertullian or Polycarp. The memoirs of the meeting was to lose his Latin. The Council, which keeps him, the Down to Earth, decides to write to the Inquisition for Viennese know his criminal case. We've seen everything! August 22, Servet directed him to the lord. It challenges the criminalization of heresy. Is it really a crime? The
23, Servet depicts his biography. He said ultimately to have intended to go to Naples. On 28, he must satisfy his sympathy for a work as suspect as the Koran. "From a bad book, you can make good things." On August 31, we return to trial in Vienna. The Inquisition sent graze Geneva. It does not transmit nothing.

Serious things again on 1 September. We left for higher religious speculations. The Secretary withdraws. He does not understand anything. We need to continue writing. Calvin and Servetus will exchange scholars incredibly texts produced at full speed and, Servet, in appalling conditions while not being tortured. When you see these documents, we can not but be struck by the writing perfect sentenced in power.

is finished, but longer still to come. If Calvin "chaos prodigious blasphemies deserves no forgiveness" Council wants the approval of Reformed cantons. It not intended to be solely responsible for such enforcement. October 18 he will be reunited for. On 26, Servetus was sentenced to death. Calvin would have liked a decapitation. This will be the stake. The execution is scheduled for tomorrow, Friday, Oct. 27.

(dr)
The last letter of the convict. The graph is for the time, completely modern, unlike that of Calvin.



A dreadful performance

the morning of 27, provided with permission of the Little Council, Calvin Servet will see the prison of the bishopric. This is the last interview. Already weakened, the prisoner received the sentence with amazement. The day before he threw a fit of hysterics. The Spaniard has taken
meantime. He managed to do with the man who became his enemy one more theological argument than two hours. It will not collapse. Besides, for him, the crime of thought does not exist. Servetus, as Sebastian Castellon, who will soon take its defense from Basel is a modern man, while Calvin is a character from the Middle Ages.
The reformer goes. He will not attend more. The procession can start towards Champel. Servet go on foot, without connection whatsoever. His tongue was not cut, as is often the heretics. Everyone hopes that it will retract. Although he acknowledged his mistake, it really would suit everyone.
This is not the case. Servet will be burned really bright. No one quietly strangle to shorten their suffering, as is often the thing. The man put a half-hour to die in the flames, tied to a stake by an iron chain. His last words were "O Jesus son of god, eternal, have mercy on me." Guillaume Farel, Neuchâtel came, he notes would have sufficed to say "Jesus son of God eternal" to be saved at the last minute.



One case (almost) unique in Geneva

❚ If one speaks of "the case of Michel Servet" in Geneva, while it remains simply a matter of Inquisition Catholic countries, that Because of the truly unique trial of 1553.
❚ Created in the Middle Ages, revived by Pope Paul III in 1542, the ecclesiastical court left thousands dead. Maybe tens of thousands. Nobody agrees on the numbers. In Spain, where she was introduced in 1479, the Inquisition soon scares Pope Sixtus IV himself. It will also maintain it longer. It was not until 1834 that the apparatus of terror disappears forever. In Portugal, the last date religious pyre of 1761, which seems incredibly late. But the Iberian peninsula, in the words of Regis Debray cruel, do not then it was "the backyard of Europe"? ❚
Geneva will never organized as a repressive system. The Consistory will be there to excommunicate, amend and rebuke, certainly, but without roasting heretics. Note, however, the case free-thinker Jacques Gruet, in 1547, and Nicolas Antoine, converted to Judaism in 1632 ...
❚ This does not mean that justice has eluded us in the prejudices of the time. Pyres, he would draw up in the seventeenth century to the wizards (and especially the witches!). We will live up walled in the time of Calvin, accused persons to kick the plague. This means ...



A death that takes place
❚ In October 1553, John Calvin thought he had finished his opponent Michael Servetus. It was not. Soon, dissenting voices are heard, including that Sebastian Castellon. The reformer will write a lot to be justified. "The case of Michel Servet
" will go to invade his "Institutes of the Christian religion," the book he takes up and reissues ever.
❚ In a more perverse, the execution by fire of the English Catholics well arranged. It proves that there is no difference, at least on that front, between the two religions. This way of returning them back to back will often return to France after the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685.
❚ We will say that in front of thousands dead, is little, even if it remains one too many. In his book "Michael Servetus, the stake to freedom of conscience" (Editions de Paris, 2009) which are borrowed amount of information published on this page, the Rev. Vincent Schmid talks to Geneva because of "lost innocence". Protestantism has now blood, or rather the ashes on his hands.
❚ The eternal return of Servetus in the debate of ideas lead logically, in 1903, the monument to atoning Champel. The Spaniard has his street. Something unthinkable elsewhere. A far as we know, France has not granted any Etienne Dolet or Anne du Bourg the most famous martyrs of the religious era.

http://www.tdg.ch/actu/divers/geneve-oligarchique-sacrifie-pierre-fatio-1707-2009-08-03



The Geneva oligarchic sacrificed Pierre Fatio in 1707



History Geneva August 18, 1707 is political. Everything shows it. On the eve of his arrest to his execution September 6, Pierre Fatio can not see his family. A lawyer is denied to the accused, himself a lawyer. The man has neither paper nor ink to write. The tension is such that the Geneva eat boiled eggs for fear of being poisoned.

But what strikes most is the thinness of the record. As explained well in Olivier Fatio and Pierre Nicole Fatio and the crisis of 1707 (Labor et Fides, 2007), the Little Council relies on the responses of Fatio to reconstruct the facts attributed to him. " The charges are non-existent. The government wants to punish the leader of "malicious" for acts covered by an amnesty he granted himself.

Like in the movies, a great flash-back is needed here. It all started on January 2. We are in Saint-Pierre. Over a thousand people gathered to elect, as usual, the Trustees. The dice are actually loaded. The General Council election records. It can reject up to a candidate. The sovereign people can not however propose. The

toilier of Longemalle

That's when Francis Delachana occurs. We seen throughout history. This toilier Longemalle wants to make claims. Fatio dissuaded him. "We must act later." Delachana is the true author of the ideas which are then charged to Fatio, who soon becomes the lawyer for the rebels. He wants the Council of Two Hundred s'élise itself, instead of being appointed by the Little Council. He asked the secret ballot for elections to the General Council. It requires that laws be published. And limit the number of members of one family in the councils to put an end to the domination of the Republic by clans.

These ideas, which we now seem to provide a modicum of democracy, the scariest oligarchy in place. For its members, they are neither more nor less than to overthrow the institutions. The aristocracy of fact (not law), which belongs to the large family Fatio (1), feels more injured in its management. Like good family men, the Councils do not they want happiness and prosperity of an entire population, even leaving it in a perpetual childhood? "With us, Geneva has known neither war nor real crisis for over a hundred years."

Still swollen and that the revolt continues. First, there are confabulations and demonstrations. It comes to insults and hands. Some fail to pass the Rhone. The General Council has exceptional awaited yet been met. The factions have received several tips satisfactions May 26: limiting family members, publication of laws, convening a General Council Five Year ...

But already the libertarian movement is losing momentum. Several of its members rallied against the oligarchy of personal promises. Germanic troops intervened, what would become a habit. The "resident" imposed by Louis XIV does not obviously preaches indulgence. Europe lives in absolutism.

Repression is therefore, despite the amnesty. Simply invent a plot. It exists for the four major culprits oligarchy: Piaget (who drowned while fleeing the city), Lemaitre (hanged August 23), and of course Delachana Fatio (banned for life August 24). A paper "seditious" of Delachana was found in a pocket of Fatio. That is great! Execution secret In both interviews, he defended himself quite softly. We expected some blistering returns. Nothing! Fatio seems like a fallen soufflé. It simply responds to questions about tours, inevitably suspect he would have received since late May.

31 August, the Little Council makes its decision. Fatio sees himself condemned without evidence, to death. As on December 10 wrote his cousin Nicolas Fatio de Duillier "Fatio counsel may well have been sacrificed, not so much for the crimes committed only to those who are afraid he could do someday."

remained to execute the unfortunate, become indifferent to its fate. Can not do it in public. Fatio musket will sit in a courtyard of the prison of the bishopric, in defiance laws. He will go to torment "as a walk," say the witnesses. Note that good Genevois, the man had asked to put his old wig instead of new. N'abîmons not something that can still serve ... (1) Pierre Fatio's parents had 24 children.
A complex political system

❚ In 1707, all the Genevois are far from being equal. At the top of the pyramid are citizens (Rousseau, "Citizen of Geneva" is a title of glory, not modesty), from people who have acquired the bourgeoisie at least a generation before. Only they dare to participate in the affairs public. Below are without rights, residents, natives, and even lower, farmers subjects.

remember that serfdom still very present in Europe in the eighteenth century. Given the number of Protestant refugees and their children, citizens represent a growing proportion of the population.

❚ theory, unlike in Bern and Zurich, the power belongs to the General Council, composed of all male citizens over 25 years (it is so important to 25 years). For the oligarchy in place from the late sixteenth century, this authority has been delegated, however once for all the councils restricted.

❚ These are two tips. The largest is the Little Council, which elects the members of the Council of Two Hundred. It speaks of "interlocking." The main problem is that everyone is closely related. We lost count of the brothers, brothers-and even more cousins sitting side by side. This is where we can speak of an aristocracy, even if the title of nobility (foreigners) are very rare in Geneva.

Bush House. Symbol of the patricians, it was built from 1699. (DR)

Repression Fall 1707

❚ paternalistic, Councils of 1707 had had to surrender in May in what they saw as a child rebellion. He agreed, after the executions of Peter and Nicolas Fatio Lemaitre, play the bogeymen. Repression, and Nicole Olivier Fatio describe in their excellent book "purge" will continue in autumn 1707. Few players, even very minor events in the spring and will be forgotten.

❚ What does it condemn? Not death, of course. If unjust and undemocratic it may seem to us, so is the Geneva neither France nor Louis XIV, a fortiori, the Russia of Peter the Great. The Government is therefore pleased to amend, "put in prison at home" or ban for periods ranging from years to life imprisonment, as is the case Dechanna, whose importance is revealed to us more greater than Fatio. Councils can also play on the abolition of the bourgeoisie, which corresponds to a social annihilation.

❚ The promise of May 26 will be held? Yes, for the opening of the Councils. Yes, for the holding of the General Council. But beware! By biasing. The General Council of 1712 and declare "Voluntarily" cease to meet it. This body will be resurrected medieval one last time in 1846, to endorse the radical revolution of James Fazy.

The prison of the bishopric. Sketches before the demolition took place in 1840. (DR)

Meanwhile the Church relaxes

❚ Are there any coincidences in history? Space does not (thankfully) to open the debate. However one can not but be struck by one thing. At the time the policy becomes rigid Geneva in 1707, the Protestant Church relaxes. ❚

the death of Calvin, Theodore Beza (Died at age 86 in 1605) had been the guardian of orthodoxy. The Protestant Church had seen mummified and especially rigid. Pastor, before entering the ministry, had to sign a "consensus". Correspondent of Leibnitz, Bayle's friend, the Genevan theologian Jean-Alphonse Turettini fight for its abolition in 1706. Now, the pastors (and their followers) retain full freedom of conscience. The agreement is made on some dogmas, as recommended in the sixteenth Sébastien Castellon. To each to interpret according to his ideas, "the obscure points."

❚ The idea of reconciliation was Turettini Reformed communities. One result was very fast. In 1707, the Lutherans were able to open their church (without a steeple!) To Bourg-de-Four.

❚ Note that a player unrest of 1707 will benefit from maintaining basic tenets. André-Robert Vaudenet said in May that he does not believe that Jesus was the son of God. After admonitions, the Genevois are seen off of the bourgeoisie, but he is allowed to live unmolested in Vésenaz in Savoy. When abroad then.

The Lutheran church. Open to the Bourg-de-Four (but without a steeple!) from 1707. (Frautschi)

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Exodus 3:14 - Time for a name




If it is a text of the Bible to know where to draw the meaning of the name of the God of Israel and by extension the Christian people, it is the passage in Exodus 3: 14.
Most Bible versions render the Hebrew asher Ehyeh ehyeh "in this verse" I am what I am "or" I am who I am. "
But some editions, as recent past, face either in the text or notes in a different translation.
Examples, it is of course a non exhaustive list:

"I'd be: I am" (New Bayard translation)
"I am who I am" (NIV)
"I am who I am" (French current note),
"I am who I am" (Osty, note),
"I will be what I am "(New World Translation, French 1995),
" I am who am "(The Bible newly translated by Sebastian Castellon, 1555)
" ehie ehie asher! - I am who I am "(Chouraqui)
" I Will Be What I Will Be "(The Bible - A new translation by James Moffatt)
" I Will Be What I Will Be "(The Bible in Living by Français Steven T. Byington)
"I am who I am and what I am, and I will be what I will be » (The Amplified Bible)
« I will be that I will be » (Isaac Leeser)
« I will be what I will be » (Living Bible Edition, note)
« I will be what I will be » (New International Version, note)
« I will be what I will be » (New Living Translation, note)
« I will be what I will be » (English Standard Version, note)
« I will be what I will be » (Contemporary English Version, note)
« I will be what I will be » (Holman Christian Standard Bible, note)
« I will be what I will be » (Today's New International Version, note)
« Ik zal zijn Ik zal zijn die "(Bijbel - From Statenvertaling)
" Yo el Seré that Seré (Nueva Versión Internacional note)

Some translators such as Samuel Cohen chose not to translate all the words by placing the Hebrew asher Ehyeh ehyeh "in the middle of the French text to read" Heie which (is) Heie, "a sentence incomprehensible to ordinary mortals.

Others choose not to translate the text literally, but to interpret the meaning such Zadok Kahn "I'm Being unchanging! "The Emphasized Bible by Joseph B. Rotherham "I Will Become Whatsoever I please" (French "I will become what I like ") or the New World Translation in English (1984)" I Shall PROVE To Be What I Shall PROVE to be "(in French according to the 1974 version" I reveal myself to be what I reveal be ").

But most versions retain the form "I" in the text. sometimes found as "I am who I am" or "I am: I am." The lesson "I am who I am" was popularized in Latin by St. Jerome (ego sum that sum).

This lesson is based on the Septuagint, which gives "ego eimi o" that is to say word for word: "I am being" ie "I'm the one that exists by itself." Why
Greek-speaking Jews have they chosen to translate this passage as suggesting that the Hebrew translated to the future?

Antoine Fabre d'Olivet not hesitate to say that the Jews of the time of Ezra, who spoke in Aramaic, "hear more than their mother tongue", that is to say, had more understanding acute and subtle Hebrew spoken by Moses. (The Hebrew
returned
, Part I - Essay introductory III)
If it was true for the Jews returning from exile that would be even more true for those in the diaspora were speaking Greek.
But there's a reason even more evident.

When the Jews of Alexandria were translated their sacred books into Greek they had begun to accept some of the beliefs of Hellenistic philosophy including the belief in the immortality of the soul called metempsychosis - cf. Plato, Phaedo

.
The rabbis of the synagogue who shared this belief Greek later form the group of Pharisees - cf. Flavius Josephus,
History ancient Jews
, 18, II (according to the division of Arnold Andilly). Impregnated
philosophical world they saw their God as Plato.
The latter saw in the Godhead the moving cause, the supreme essence, the idea, calling it either one, or well being.
The Jews of Alexandria were designed before the Fathers of the Church that Plato approached the one God and have incorporated his ideas to their understanding of Scripture.
is the Alexandrian Jewish philosopher Philo, who will be the main representative of this trend Judeo-Platonic.
is why it is important not see Exodus 3: 14 of the Septuagint as a translation but rather as a philosophical interpretation of the revelation of the divine name.
Supporters of the form "I am what I am" call on the choice made by the translators of the Septuagint * and transcendence of God, a God "who is" opposed to other gods "not" being only in the imagination of men who worship them. * A

American pastor of the Evangelical Protestant Church said to me ironically
"Those who have made the New World Translation are
(meaning" to believe ")
stronger that the Jews who translated into Greek! .
What about when scholars who have made the same choice of translation? Why


everywhere "I am" and once "I am"?



In his critical examination of the doctrines of the Christian religion
* (1860) Patrice Larroque, former rector of the Academy of Lyon, offers an extraordinary essay on the passage in Exodus 3:14.
I am always sorry that the Trinity seems to be regarded as a doctrine universally recognized by all Christian denominations because it's absolutely not the case as history has now both demonstrated and as is still less so since IXXème century.
But this is obviously not the case here of Mr. Larroque lie on the question of universal acceptance or not of the Trinity but rather to demonstrate the absurdity in Volume I and exposing his conclusions on what he describes an incident in Exodus 3:14 in Volume II. He says

"the original text, translated exactly means:" I am the one who'll ... I WILL hath sent me unto you. "
Then follows a long explanatory note which is in itself a real first Hebrew grammar where you can read between the other that "interpretation received by theologians is the work of the Seventy First (...) and Saint Jerome, who has shared their infidelity"
and an overwhelming number of biblical texts indicate that the rabbi and translator Samuel Cahen Bible is mistaken in asserting that "Ehyeh indicates both the present and the future."
The author provided two dozen verses in which "Ehyeh" is translated throughout as "I'll be" starting with Exodus 3:12.
He says he found the Hebrew "Ehyeh"
that "almost always used with the meaning of the future, rarely with that of the past (...) but never with this one. "

He concluded his note of 3 pages long, with these words:
"It is therefore surprising that this passage is the only one where the word Ehyeh had that sense. "

As for me, I would add that one wonders how all the translators over the centuries have been able to translate" Ehyeh "with" I will "not only throughout the Bible but in verse 12 of Exodus chapter 3, and no longer able to do in verse 14?
* For the full two volumes on the site of the BNF.
there a report between 'asher Ehyeh ehyeh "of Exodus 3:14 and" ego eimi "in the mouth of Jesus?


has long prologue to the Gospel of John is no longer the favorite argument of the supporters of equality between Jesus and his Father.
It now prefers the phrase "I am" every time Jesus employment. The Trinitarians believe
find evidence that Jesus seeks to make a parallel between his human identity and divinity. According
them whenever he says "I am" it is as one who spoke to Moses, "El Shadday" the Almighty God of the Jews (see Genesis 17:1 and Exodus 6:2, 3).
Now almost every time Jesus said "ego eimi" the context indicates he is referring to his identity as Messiah and he is not God. That is why in many passages must be translated by the Greek phrase "I am."
This is clear in his conversation with the Samaritan woman in John 4:1-29 recorded: The woman said: "I know that Messiah is coming-the one called Christ. When it comes, it will tell us all things. " Jesus said: "I am, I who talking about. "- TOB
In John 8:24-29 the context still indicates that he speaks of his duties as envoy of God
is why I told you that you will die in your sins: for if you do not believe what I am, (literally "I am" Editor's note)
you die in your sins. Who are you? "they said. Jesus said to them: What I am saying from the beginning. (the beginning of his preaching, he was the Messiah! Editor's note) (...) So Jesus said: When you have lifted up the Son of man, then you know what I am, and I do nothing myself, but I speak just what the Father taught me. - Segond

In verses 24 and 28 Annotated Bible Darby and make it "ego eimi" with "it's me," Ostervald by "what I am" and "who I am," Clamp with "I am the Messiah . Surprisingly the NRSV, the Bible or the Bible Sword prefer we use the formula of Exodus 3:14 "I Am" is capitalized and please to make it clear that here Jesus identifies the God of Israel. The Bible Sword of Jean Leduc will even add in verse 24 " I AM the LORD!


And what about when Jesus referred to his years as compared to Abraham?
In John 8:58 Jesus says:

Verily, verily I say unto you, Before Abraham was, I am ("I Am" in TOB and Jerusalem, "I AM" in Sword ).

Yet a number of ancient manuscripts that have survived from the fourth to sixth century Syriac, Georgian and Ethiopian, are said to Jesus "I was" or "I".

Thus saith G.
Winer in his book A Grammar Of The Idiom of the New Testament
(Andover, 1897, 7th ed., P. 267): "Sometimes this also includes a past (Mdv. 108), that is to say when the verb expresses a state that has begun to such earlier time but which is still growing - a state in its duration, as in John xv. 27 ἀπ 'ἀρχῆς μετ' ἐμοῦ ἐστέ [ap 'Arkhe mét' emu Este], viii. 58 πρὶν Αβραὰμ γενέσθαι ἐγὼ εἰμι [main Abraam Genesthai ego eimi]. "

Similarly, here is what J. say Moulton, N. Turner A Grammar of New Testament Greek (Edinburgh, 1963, vol. III, p. 62): "This indicates that the continuation of a share during the past and until there is, so to speak ie a perfective verb form, the only difference is that the action is conceived as still being (...). Is often found in the N [ew] T [estament]: Lk 248; 137 1529 (...) (...) Jn 56; 858 (...). "

As for those who think" ego eimi, whose Hebrew equivalent is "ani hou '", a term used by God in the Old Testament in the mouth can be used to identify Jesus with the God of Israel whenever it is employed, they scan and they will see that this expression can both serve God and men as is clear in 1 Chronicles 9:17 p.m., where we read:
And David said to God: "N 'Is it not I who said to number the people? This is me (Literally: "and I am him," Hebrew "wa'ani-hoo,'" Greek " ego eimi "Editor's note) who have sinned and done wrong, but these, these sheep, what have they done? Yahweh, my God, that your hand be against me and my father's house, but not on your people to ruin. "- Crampon

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Bible Castellio against ignorance and for peace



Bible Castellio is surprising for more than one reason.
Although the father of freedom of conscience was a Protestant, he wanted to offer readers of Scripture to serve more than a work of faith.
It is no more for the reader to the reader Protestant Catholic. Elle est avant tout une présentation du livre par excellence, véritable patrimoine de l'humanité, sous toutes les formes dans lesquelles il fut transmis au fil des siècles.
Ainsi elle englobe le canon juif officiel retenu par la Réforme mais aussi certains livres qu'ont transmis les versions grecques et latines anciennes, connus sous les noms d'apocryphes (ou deutérocanoniques pour les seuls livres présents dans les versions catholiques produites après le concile de Trente).
Il en conserve mêmes certains que ne retiendra pas le concile catholique de Trente (1545-1563) probablement parce qu'en 1555 lorsqu'il publie sa Bible en français certains livres n'avaient pas encore été écartés the Vulgate and because both the spiritual edification that historically, they are part of the Jewish religious heritage that will lead to what is vulgarly nome Bible.

He does not question the work of those who preceded them in the translation of the Bible but this new form, literary and historical. "imperfect" in its historical continuity, Castellon fills two voids existing one between the Babylonian exile and return to the Maccabean revolt, the other from the death of Simon Maccabeus to the birth of Christ by extracts of
Jewish Antiquities and The
Jewish War Flavius Josephus , not omitting to note that these parties do nothing to add to the rest of the books divinely inspired. It is in this respect unique.

This Bible for all it's preface to the attention of King Henry II of France, the Catholic king.
In 1547 it was the very young King Edward VI of England, Protestant country since his father broke with Rome, he had dedicated his Latin Bible.
There has always been an extraordinary will and relentless in Castellon to ease tensions between Christians of all stripes as evidenced by its Board
sorry to France or the Treaty of heretics
. A Bible for private use, teaching, common to Catholics and Protestants, this seems to be the result of the work of translations into Latin and French Sébastien Castellon, who was foremost a teacher and in fact never a minister, although that it almost being just before his banishment from Geneva.

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Servetus in a documentary film







CLC Productions, France 3 Rhône-Alpes Auvergne and the Centre produced a film documentary in 2005 directed by George Combe from a screenplay by André Trabet, whose title is:
Vienna holy city, and cursed - from Pontius Pilate to the Templars

In fact this film traces the history of Vienna since shortly before the time of installation of the Celts, to a little beyond the time of the Reformation .

It includes a passage, unfortunately too short, dedicated to Michel Servet.
You can see in the flesh and the writer Servet biographer, Pierre Domeyne ¹ , commenting on this part of the film about the martyrdom of Geneva.
The DVD is available at Voyageurs time
q ui have made the cast and provided costumes and accessories:



http://www.voyageurs-du-temps.com/fiche.php?men

u = shop & sell + of + Library +% 2F + CD +% 2F + DVD = DVD + - + VIDEO + DVD001 + - + FOR + Ponce + PILATE + TO + TEMPLARS & product_id = 161

¹ Domeyne Peter is the author of the biography

Michel Servet: At the risk of being lost.

See this blog article on May 1

What pantheism in Michael Servetus?

http://libertedecroyance.blogspot.com/2009/05/quel-pantheisme-chez-michel-servet.html

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Works of art and objects dedicated to Servetus

can find all the paintings and carvings on the Institute website Michael Servetus: http://www.miguelservet.org/servetus/iconography.htm well as that of Servetus International Society: http://www.servetus.org/en/michael-servetus/image-gallery/iconography / index.htm Capsule Bottle Collection "Personajes" produced for "El Cava de Aragon."

(collection of the author of this blog)

Blotter schoolboy prior to 1968, probably commissioned by the government and directed by Andrew Lorulot, printer-publisher Herblay (ex-Seine and today Oise Val d'Oise). It includes the portrait of Servetus, Jean Jaurès and Jules Ferry. texts prompts the student to learn and embrace the values of the secular republic such as respect for others and freedom of conscience.

http://labesacedesunitariens.over-blog.com/article-15625835.html

(collection of the author of this blog)

Cartoon anti-Calvinist. This triptych is limited quite similar to the Dutch engraving that gives Vincent Schmid in his book "Michael Servetus - On the pyre to freedom of conscience." The author pointed out to me that my board seems to be
"a mixture of elements from the engraving of 1566 and the background of the engraving of Van Shechem (1609) a portrait of Servetus. Characters (the executioner and the trustees probably ... Geneva) to the stake are nearly the same. But it is quite typical of the methods of the time, these engravings serving as a kind of leaflets ... "
.
"This triptych is directly inspired the black legend that Jerome Bolsec has made in his "Life of Calvin" in revenge for the reformer. Bolsec, theological opponent of Calvin (about double predestination), was a few years before Servetus bring a lawsuit that almost cost him his life. It has been his salvation as a ban on land given by a Bernese Little Council so hostile to Calvin. Some years after these events, Bolsec, returned to Catholicism, wrote a fake biography dependent to settle its accounts and of course, Calvin's opponents have seized it.

It is possible that this etching is the first gender. In fact, it has often been copied (it was a common usage) and adapted for purposes of propaganda. "

(collection of the author of this blog)



postcard signed and Daniel Lines edited by cARTed in 1994.

the back of the card contains these words:
"Michael Servetus (1509? -1553) antitrinitarian
Pursued by the Inquisition Roman
Sentenced to death on the orders of Calvin
Brule live in Geneva on 27 Oc tober 1553

"


See article on this blog: http://libertedecroyance.blogspot.com/2009/05/hommage-michel-servet-par-daniel-lines.html (collection of the author of this blog)

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Tribute to Michael Servetus by Daniel Lines What





During his college years Daniel Lines, from the neighborhood Champel in Geneva, spent each day watching the "expiatory monument "a committee composed of religious and official was erected in 1903. Having reached adolescence Lines Daniel was struck by the hypocrisy emanating from the words engraved on the monument.
This led him 25 years ago to make a collage from a postcard of the "Wall of the Reformers' (We recognize the statue of Calvin) and fragments of surrealist paintings as a sign of reaction to oppressive Calvinist morality that permeated the cultural milieu of his childhood.

I thank him very much for sending me this postcard publishing original and narrated me what had prompted him to compose this piece.

This map was published in 1994 by cARTed.
It can be found on display at the publisher's website at:
http://www.carted.eu/cartes/j012/01209.htm

the back of the card contains these words:

"Michael Servetus (1509? -1553)
antitrinitarian
Pursued by the Inquisition Roman
Sentenced to death on the orders of Calvin

burned alive in Geneva on 27 Oc tober 1553

" A big thank you to Pascal Pithois (webmaster Carted.eu) that m ' allowed to make contact with Daniel Lines. left, the text "expiatory monument" Champel (Geneva): "Son friendly and recognizable

Monum

nt atoning.

the right, central part of the "wall of reformers in Geneva at the Parc des Bastions

(officially" International Monument to the Reformation ") composed by Guillaume Farel, Jean Calvin, Theodore Beza and John Knox.

Brent Corrigan Brent Eve

pantheism in Michael Servetus?

During his trial Servetus was accused of pantheism, the idea that everything that exists in the universe is a part of God.

But Pantheism of Servetus is quite limited because he believed in a personal God and transcendent, as opposed to the pantheistic system itself

where everything exists, not only by God, but God and it is not a personal being distinct from the world, but is immanent.

It remains and is certainly not theistic naturalist.

In fact Servet simply argued that since everything that exists comes from God, it was automatically taken from himself, his "Force"

That suggests the Bible, for example with Isaiah 40:25-28, Genesis 1:7 or Genesis 1:2 where the Hebrew word "werouaḥ" (from "rouah) translates as "spirit" but also "wind" and other words that denote an active force invisible. This contrasted somewhat with the teaching of theologians from St. Augustine, who were content to teach God created the universe from nothing.

I suggest you read below what apes have written Domeyne Stone, George and Roland Bainton Haldas about "pantheism" Michel Servet.

Domeyne Pierre - Michel Servet: At the risk of losing

On supposed pantheism of Servetus, Calvin breaks loose as he later tell about the assertion that Servetus

all creatures are the very substance of God and therefore all things are full of God.

Here is an excerpt of the exchange:

Calvin What, wretch, so each time you host a floor, we should say that we also host God? Do you not ashamed of such nonsense?

Servetus:

But yes, I have no doubt that this bench here, and everything that you could not show me either the substance of God. Calvin The devil would be God by his essence?

Servetus:

Do you doubt it by chance, that is good is my fundamental principle that all things are part and portion of God and the nature things are substantially the spirit of God,

(Calvin note here that Servetus laughed ...)

In this exchange, Servet reply with a subtle humor in reasoning led to the absurd and a formidable sense of dialectics. Here is a Spaniard about Narrated by Calvin always has at least the merit of the answers mention of Servet may turn against him

You said if you stir it up, you do You stepwise movement in God. So you Browse through the Devil. But we move and live in God, in which we live. Even if you're a blind demon, you don 'are equally supported by God. Chapter V. Pages 98 and 99. Abstract presented with the permission of the author.

Edition L'Harmattan (Paris) 2008 - ISBN: 978-2-296-05942-9 - Target price: 17 €

http://www.editions- harmattan.fr / index.asp? navig = catalog & obj = book & no = 26663

George Haldas - Passion and Death of Michael Servetus

pantheistic For inspiration, finally, Servet:

35 ° Whether the air is the spirit of God, and God is named Spirit that gives life to all things by its spirit of air.

Meets Servetus:

he does not remember having written this way. However, he confesses that the air is called

mind

and that God is

mind both in its essence as it inspires and enlivens the air. ... PANTHEISM If you exclude the idea of God, nothing can be longer as stones, gold, flesh, of soul of man, man, as is the idea of God creating the existence of specific and individual things. God essentializes species. It gives fuel to heavenly spirits. From it derives the line of divine essences, which, in turn, infusing his essence into other beings. God Himself is in them and the light of his word radiates in them. He sustains all things in their essence, so that any creature that does not support is reduced to nothingness. Because it contains within itself the essences of all things, he shows himself to us in the reality of fire, stone, a stick, a flower, etc.. It is not altered, but it is a stone that is seen in God. Is this a real stone? Yes, for God in the wood is wood, and the stone is stone, and having in itself the shape of the stone, the substance of the stone, so I consider it to be effectively stone, bearing the essence and form, although not having no matter. (From the re Christianismi - ed)

Chapter III. Pages 80 and 239.

Edition L'Age d'Homme (Lausane) 1975 - ISBN:

2-8251-2937-2 - Indicative price: 24 € http://www.lagedhomme.com/boutique/fiche_produit.cfm?ref=2-8251-2937-

2 & type = 22 & code_lg lg_fr = & num = 91 & pag = 8

Roland H. Bainton - Michael Servetus - Heretic and Martyr - 1553-1953

Regarding points of doctrine, Calvin, and relates the discussion of Pantheism:

When he says that all creatures are the very substance of God and therefore all things are full of God (Because he was not ashamed to express his thoughts well in writing and orally), I was indignant, wounded to the quick: "What, wretch 1 Then each time you host a floor, we should say we crowd as his God? Do you not ashamed of such nonsense? "-" Yes, "he replied, and I have no doubt that this bench that here, and everything you could show me is the essence of God." And when I told him again objected: "The devil would be God by his essence? "He replied with a chuckle:" Do you doubt it by chance? This is where my fundamental principle that all things are part and portion of God and the nature of things is substantially the spirit of God "

the

.

Servet commented this discussion as follows:

You said if you stir it up, you do stepwise movement in God. So you Browse through the Devil. But we move and live in God, in which we live. Even if you're a blind demon, you're not less supported by God.

Edition Droz (Geneva) 1953 - ISBN: 978-2-600-03204-9 ISSN: 0082-6081

- Prices: $ 25

reprinted in French, but not available in English at: http:/ / www.amazon.com/Hunted-Heretic-Michael-Servetus-1511-1553/dp/0972501738/ref=pd_sim_b_1